Many of us are unhappy -- even angry -- with things about how current societies and their governments and economic systems work. But whenever we try to discuss "how can we improve things?", it can tend to break down quickly, partly because of the all the complexity. History, traditions, entrenched systems, and so on complicate these discussions to the point of making them seem non-productive and often acrimonious.
So let's try to think about how things could be improved, but starting with a more-or-less blank slate. This is analogous to doing a science experiment in an isolated system like a petri dish. A sterile petri dish can be much more effective than trying to study certain things "in the wild," where there are so many variables and inputs that it can be nearly impossible to really understand what is happening. We need to narrow the scope of analysis or we just go round and round. Once we've learned everything we can about what happens in the petri dish, we can better move on to talking about how things work in the field.
The setup -- a human colony that is completely disconnected from our current society -- should be fairly familiar to anyone who has read or watched any science fiction. TV shows like Earth 2 and Terra Nova had similar setups. The difference is that we aren't trying to write compelling science fiction, so no need for adding dinosaurs, aliens, people with hidden agendas, and so on into the mix. We are simply trying to create a useful perspective for initiating a productive discussion of the role of governments and their theoretical underpinnings.
A cosmic event is going to wipe the surface of planet Earth clean of all lifeforms and human artifacts in a year. The only way to preserve the human race is to put a bunch of humans and other lifeforms into cryosleep in a protected bunker, deep underground, for 100 years. 1000 families are chosen by lottery to be the "colonists," and it is predicted that most of them can survive and perpetuate the human race -- but only if they stay close together and cooperate when they emerge.
The plants and animals are to be automatically released 25 years before the humans, which should ensure that about 50 square miles of the planet will be hospitable by the time the colonists wake up, with the rest of the planet not being fully habitable for several centuries. A certain amount of food, building materials and machinery is put into the bunker, but only enough to get the colonists started. No one gets to bring along their wealth or property. We can assume that there will be computers and internet for everyone, and if things go well, the colonists will be able to keep the technology running and eventually manufacture new items.
A constitution will be written up, and all the lottery winners will have a chance to look over the constitution before they go into cryosleep. If any of them don't agree to abide by it, they and their family will simply be replaced by a different family that does agree. Of course, we understand that if the constitution is poorly designed and fails to keep most people happy, people may revolt and try to replace it.
You and your family are offered a chance to be colonists, but on one condition: you have to design that constitution. All current laws and existing governments can be ignored, as none of that will apply anymore. And of course you're not allowed to give yourself any special privileges. If you wish, you may have the colony governed by some sort of military dictatorship for the first few years, with it transitioning into a more "ideal" form of government over time.
Your goal, presumably, is to design the government that gives the best chance of your future happiness, the happiness of the rest of your family, and the happiness of others. You can't change the premise. You can't decide who gets to be colonists, and you don't know ahead of time who they will be. Of course, you can say you don't want to accept the offer, but that would be a bit of a cop out and end our discussion right there.
Assuming you accept the offer, how would you design the constitution for the colony?